Which neurotransmitter is considered the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

Glutamate is regarded as the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain due to its critical role in synaptic transmission and plasticity. It is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is instrumental in various cognitive functions, including learning and memory. Glutamate operates primarily through several receptor types, notably NMDA and AMPA receptors, which mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission by allowing the influx of sodium and calcium ions into the neuron, leading to depolarization.

Its excitatory actions are crucial for the operation of neural circuits and the strengthening of synaptic connections, which underlie processes such as long-term potentiation – an essential mechanism of learning. Dysregulation of glutamate signaling can lead to excitotoxicity, which is implicated in various neurological disorders, reinforcing its importance in maintaining healthy brain function. Understanding the role of glutamate highlights its centrality to neural communication and the overall functioning of the nervous system.