What central nervous system disease is characterized by damage to the myelin sheath?

The central nervous system disease characterized by damage to the myelin sheath is Multiple Sclerosis. In this condition, the immune system erroneously attacks the myelin, which is a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord. This demyelination disrupts the normal flow of electrical impulses along the nerves, leading to a variety of neurological symptoms.

These symptoms can vary widely depending on which areas of the central nervous system are affected and can include fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness, vision problems, and cognitive impairments. The damage caused by Multiple Sclerosis can lead to both acute and chronic deficits, which can significantly affect a person’s quality of life.

Other conditions in the options, such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease, primarily affect different aspects of neuronal function without a direct focus on myelin sheath damage. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the degeneration of motor neurons but does not primarily involve the myelin sheath in the same way that Multiple Sclerosis does. Thus, the defining characteristic of Multiple Sclerosis is its impact on myelin, making it the correct choice.